Bioengineering Studies
type: channel
description: ISSN 2744-1636 The goal of this journal is to provide knowledge sharing platform without any restriction to researchers, matching into the fields of bioengineering studies. By linking scientific information with industry experience, the generation of additional scientific knowledge is possible. Therefore, we encourage scientists and researches around the world to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. All aspects of bioengineering are welcomed from theoretical concepts to education and applications. Bioengineering studies especially invites young scientists to share their scientific and industrial knowledge, which would eventually have an impact on specific bioengineering processes. The editors will consider papers for publication based on novelty, their immediate or future impact and their contribution to the advancement of bioengineering sciences.
publisher: Research and Development Academy
language: en
publication name: Bioengineering Studies
issn: 2744-1636
copyright: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. This journal permits and encourages authors to post items/PDFs submitted to the journal on personal websites or institutional repositories after publication, while providing bibliographic details that credit its publication in this journal.
items: Investigation of Microstrip Filters for Glucose and Tension Sensing Based on Biomedical Electronics
items: Bioengineering in medicine - a review
items: The universe and the possibility of life existing outside the Earth
items: Nanorobots used in cancer treatment
items: Nanotechnology is used in molecular biology
items: Organ-on-a-chip (OOC): a novel, straightforward, and efficient strategy for in vitro research
items: Exercise, Immunometabolism & Genetics: Implications for Health and Sports Medicine – a review
items: Synthetic biology - a review
items: Epigenetic influence on gene expression and disease development
items: An in silico prediction of IRGQ and TRIM21 interactions – autophagy related proteins
items: Immunology and Vaccinology - a short review
items: Artificial intelligence in biology – a ashort review
items: In silico analysis of MAPKK5 variants in Brassica Oleracea
items: Predicting synergy of lysozyme with antibiotics – an in silico analysis of interaction of Amoxicillin and Cephalexin with hen-egg lysozyme
items: In silico analysis identifying overlapped genes between diabetes and breast cancer, targeting candidates via doxazosin mesylate, a comprehensive analysis
items: Senescence cells in aging - Approaches, Challenges and Opportunities
items: Introduction to Drugs for Photodynamic Therapy of Malignant Tumors
items: Synthetic Biology: The design and construction of biological parts and systems for various applications, such as biotechnology, biofuels, and medical devices
items: Advancing medicine with biomaterials: Innovations in regenerative technologies and clinical applications
items: Comparison of Sysmex DI-60 digital optical microscopy and manual optical microscopy in leukocyte differentiation
items: Development of environment protection measures based on benthonic clay and sulfuric acid wastes
items: Genetic background of type 1 diabetes mellitus: A review
items: In silico functional analysis of DNA repair proteins (OGG1, MYH) in Arabidopsis thaliana
items: Application of AI in detection of breast cancer with laboratory results monitoring
items: The influence of minerals on water filtration effectiveness
items: Breast cancer research: in vitro models, markers, and in silico analysis - a narrative review
items: Impact of COVID-19 on the development of detection methods: a narrative review.
items: Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR] methods
items: Brain Tumor Detection and Classification Using VGG16 Deep Learning Algorithm and Python Imaging Library
items: Precision nutrition impact on cancer development and prevention

Investigation of Microstrip Filters for Glucose and Tension Sensing Based on Biomedical Electronics
type: item
description: The advantage of the microstrip filter based sensing system is that it is planar, cheap, lightweight and very sensitive to electromagnetic field, which is suitable for use in biomedical electonics. In this paper, microstrip technology is studied and applied to the design of glucose sensing and tension sensing filters, focusing on the sensing mechanisms, resonator geometries, operating frequency bands, type of substrate, fabrication procedure, and performance indicators. A comparative discussion is provided to illustrate the effect of field confinement, effective permittivity and deformation of the structure on the resonance behavior. Recent developments of biosensors, flexible electronics, wearable electronics, and optimization techniques are also included. To make the paper more reproducible, a more complete nomenclature, the key equations used for the analysis, explicit simulation settings and additional result tables are added. Finally, some practical limitations including calibration drift, environmental variation, hysteresis and long-term stability are emphasized, and future trends in artificial intelligence, integration with the Internet of Things (IoT), metamaterial-inspired resonators and flexible platforms using graphene are addressed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Shahad Khalid Khaleel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shahad Khalid Khaleel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 15
ending page: 27
doi: 10.37868/bes.v7i1.id338

Bioengineering in medicine - a review
type: item
description: Bioengineering in medicine is a field that connects engineering, biology, and medicine in order to provide better therapeutic and regenerative solutions. Stem cells, biomaterials, and 3D bioprinting play a crucial role in this field. In this paper, regenerative medicine is highlighted as a transformative approach for restoring and replacing damaged tissues. In addition, advances in organ bioengineering and transplantation are discussed as a solution for the global shortage of donor organs. Primary focus was given to artificial blood vessels, their design, fabrication techniques, and current challenges such as thrombosis, biocompatibility, and long-term patency. This paper explores the broad application of bioengineering in medicine, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, nanotechnology, and organ biotechnology. Future development in bioengineering in medicine will be based on multidisciplinary collaboration and integration of different cells and materials to improve healthcare delivery and create a long-lasting biological replacement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ilma Meša
creator: Ajla Sadiković
creator: Anida Beganović
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ilma Meša, Ajla Sadiković, Anida Beganović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 52
ending page: 66
doi: 10.37868/bes.v6i2.id335

The universe and the possibility of life existing outside the Earth
type: item
description: This paper explores the nature of the universe and its existence as it examines the possibility of life existing beyond Earth. It starts by outlining how the formation of matter is necessary for life, subsequently on how planets, moons, and other celestial bodies could harbor the requirements for life to develop. This study contemplates both the scientific approaches used for exploring extraterrestrial life, such as chemical analyses, telescopic observations, and space missions, and the reasons scientists believe life may exist elsewhere, such as the presence of water, essential molecules, and energy sources. By evaluating current scientific theories, the suggestions of the Fermi Paradox and expedition efforts, this study underlines both the possibility and the uncertainty of finding life outside our planet. While Earth seems to be the only acknowledged planet to sustain life, the immensity and age of the universe raise the possibility that life may have emerged either on Earth or elsewhere. In addition, this paper describes philosophical and scientific implications of humanity potentially being one of the first, or only advanced civilizations in the universe, raising questions about our existence in cosmic history and in the future, and how we may be exceptionally rare as an intelligent life form.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Annissa Rachel Van Wieren
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Van Wieren Annissa Rachel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.37868/bes.v7i1.id333

Nanorobots used in cancer treatment
type: item
description: Cancer, being one of the most violent diseases of the 21st century, is nothing new. The inability of traditional treatments to target cancer cells only without damaging the healthy tissue is the major cause of numerous side effects, such as nausea, hair loss, or fatigue, that are a result of this care. This review aims to analyze Nanorobots, their roles, and usage in cancer treatment. Nanorobots are microscopic devices designed to perform tasks at the nanoscale, are a promising solution. Their intricate design and functionality have created diverse applications, ranging from drug delivery systems to targeted therapy. These devices ensure accurate targeting of cancerous cells while avoiding damage to healthy ones. Compared to traditional treatment methods, nanorobot-based care boasts greater specificity, long-term effects, and reduced side effects. Even though challenges and issues, such as technical obstacles, safety concerns, and resource constraints, exist, these machines hold extensive promises to be the new standard in cancer care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Naida Odobašić
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Naida Odobašić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 44
ending page: 51
doi: 10.37868/bes.v6i2.id332

Nanotechnology is used in molecular biology
type: item
description: Nanotechnology is developing as a new branch of science concentrating on the measurement of tiny materials such as nanometers (between 0.1 and 100 nanometers). Compared to chemical approaches, biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is affordable and eco-friendly. Overall, this study offers a detailed and unbiased review of the present theories on the uptake of nanoparticles by mammalian cells, considering the complexities of nano-cellular communication. The report also describes the characteristic nature of nanoparticles and their wide spectrum of medical use. In terms of medicine, nanotechnology has brought in some ways of giving new medicines, cancer treatment, and targeted proteins and peptides. This paper is a review of the multifaceted utilities of nanotechnology in the application of drug delivery, diagnosis, and imaging in molecular biology. Furthermore, this review looks into how interactions between nanomaterials and life processes take place and contribute to the ongoing exploration of the nanotechnology-molecular biology conjunction.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ajla Tipura
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ajla Tipura https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 33
ending page: 43
doi: 10.37868/bes.v6i2.id329

Organ-on-a-chip (OOC): a novel, straightforward, and efficient strategy for in vitro research
type: item
description: Organ-on-a-chip (OOC), known as tissue chips have drawn significant interest because of its various applications, particularly in drug development and screening. These devices can reduce the need for in vivo animal studies and offer useful alternatives to conventional preclinical cell culture techniques. The conventional in vitro test used to evaluate absorption, metabolism, distribution, toxicity, and excretion (ADME) was transformed by the rapid advancement of OOC technology. Numerous biomedical applications have emerged as a result of dramatic advancements in OOC design technology over the past few years. Additionally, these advancements have revealed new opportunities and challenges. Scientists all over the planet are advocating for the consolidation of OOCs for ADME and toxicity assessment. There is a requirement for multidisciplinary information from the biomedical and design fields to comprehend and acknowledge OOCs. OOC is more advanced than conventional 2D culture systems thanks to its precise flow control systems and quick sample processing. It provides a platform that mimics human physiological functions. The advantages and disadvantages of biomedical approaches are highlighted, as well as current applications, toxicity evaluation, and a snapshot of this rapidly evolving technology in this review.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ilma Meša
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ilma Meša https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 20
ending page: 32
doi: 10.37868/bes.v6i2.id323

Exercise, Immunometabolism & Genetics: Implications for Health and Sports Medicine – a review
type: item
description: Exercise was shaped by the demands of hunting and escaping danger. Today, people exercise mostly voluntarily, activating molecular pathways that regulate metabolism, immunometabolism, and gene expression. This review focuses on exercise and its role in metabolism, immunity, genes and gene expression, health and prevention of diseases, as well as how exercise shapes and influences it. Pathways such as AMPK, mTOR, and PGC-1α are activated during exercise, while hormones and antioxidants are produced. Genetics can predispose to a certain athletic performance, while exercise, epigenetically, also regulates gene expression, promoting overall health. Exercise was shown to improve immune and vaccine response, while intense physical activity can have the opposite effect on the immune system. Integration of exercise immunology and biochemistry can be used in sports monitoring to improve performance. Personalized training plans based on genetic and biochemical profiles can offer the most effective way of training, as well as reduce recovery time. Furthermore, exercise prevents chronic diseases, has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects, and has benefits for vulnerable populations. However, gaps remain. Longitudinal and multi-omics studies, integration of AI and machine learning into exercise-related research, and its translation into medical practices are needed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Delila Lekić-Seferović
creator: Boris Kovalenko
creator: Husna Begović
creator: Esma Zajimović
creator: Amar Silajdžić
creator: Amina Dervić
creator: Nour El-Bechnak
creator: Jasmin Šutković
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Delila Lekić-Seferović, Boris Kovalenko, Husna Begović, Esma Zajimović, Amar Silajdžić, Amina Dervić, Nour El-Bechnak, Jasmin Šutković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 19
doi: 10.37868/bes.v6i2.id322

Synthetic biology - a review
type: item
description: Synthetic biology, as a multidisciplinary field that includes biology, computer science, and engineering, has the aim to crate/modify current biology systems or other organisms such as enzymes, genetic circuits, and cells. In comparison to the conventional genetic modifications, synthetic biology has an aim to develop functioning devices, systems, and organisms. What makes synthetic biology special is how scientists from different areas share their ideas and collaborate on how to expand their knowledge and innovations. Throughout this review, diverse applications of synthetic biology are explained, including methods used in medicine, specifically in observation of human well-being, to the novel treatment of infectious diseases, diabetes, or the production of vaccines. However, the fast expansion of this discipline gives rise to various benefits, as well as numerous ethical concerns. The benefits of synthetic biology are vast, though it can change many aspects of everybody’s life, while on the other hand, it poses a risk to the environment, the difference between life and non-life, or general alterations to genes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aiša Galijatović
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aiša Galijatović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: 61
ending page: 72
doi: 10.37868/bes.v6i1.id321

Epigenetic influence on gene expression and disease development
type: item
description: Epigenetics, the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence itself, represents a fascinating frontier in contemporary biological research. Molecular biology, genetics, and bioinformatics are integrated using epigenetic modifications and their application to gene expression. Through various epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA, we continue to uncover the dynamic interplay between these modifications and the regulation of gene activity. Using state-of-the-art techniques, our project aims to contribute valuable insights into the role of epigenetics in cellular processes, development, and disease. In order to develop novel therapeutic approaches and a more thorough knowledge of human health and pathology, scientists work to obtain a deeper understanding of basic biological processes. This review aims to present the latest discoveries in epigenomics, which may have implications for novel treatment approaches and personalized medical care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Maida Hajdarpašić
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maida Hajdarpašić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: 51
ending page: 60
doi: 10.37868/bes.v6i1.id320

An in silico prediction of IRGQ and TRIM21 interactions – autophagy related proteins
type: item
description: Autophagy is an intracellular process that is important for the detection and cleansing of the degraded cellular material, which accumulation can lead to cancer. Autophagy can also be beneficial in the detection and destruction of cancer cells in early stages of cancer, but in late stages, by the implementation of IRGQ protein, it can use the immune system as a tool for enhancing the proliferation and expansion of cancer cells, making the human organism more vulnerable. Implementation of the TRIM21 protein in interacting with IRGQ can be a promising tool to prevent the hostile function of the IRGQ protein and prevent cancer from immune evasion. This paper predicts the 3D structures of these proteins and, by the implementation of docking, reveals the possible immune system enhancement when fighting cancer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Amar Silajdžić
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Amar Silajdžić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 43
ending page: 51
doi: 10.37868/bes.v5i1.id319

Immunology and Vaccinology - a short review
type: item
description: Vaccines are used to stimulate an immune response to a specific infectious disease or pathogen. They contain an inactive or weakened pathogen, or its parts, causing our immune system to react and remember the encounter with its antigens. After vaccination, the immune system produces antibodies that destroy the pathogen while preventing the infection. Since the production of the first successful vaccine in 1796 until today, dozens of different types of vaccines have been produced. With the development of biotechnology, we have gone from empirically made vaccines to those that use only a small molecule of mRNA for the defense against pathogens. Nowadays, vaccines are not only used as protection, but also to treat diseases, such as cancer, addiction, or allergies. This review aims to inform a broad scientific audience about basic immunological concepts, more specifically, the immune system and its response, vaccines, and related challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Selma Kozarić
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Selma Kozarić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 36
ending page: 42
doi: 10.37868/bes.v5i1.id318

Artificial intelligence in biology – a ashort review
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence is the development of computers and machines capable of mimicking human problem-solving and decision-making. Essentially, computer scientists wanted to create a system that acts like a human. Over time and with machine learning algorithms, AI has gained predictive power by using statistics and training data. It was able to “learn” and sort out data based on available research and calculate results. It started to grow and be frequently used by scientists in fields of genomics, proteomics, the pharmaceutical industry, and healthcare. AI has a bright future in applications of diagnosing cancers, offering an effective treatment, simulating metabolic processes, and predicting DNA and RNA binding sequences. Most importantly, the application of AI in the pharmaceutical industry can lead to lower costs and even eliminate clinical trials. Even though machine learning in biology is an extremely useful tool, there are some challenges, like insufficient financing and ethical concerns about data insufficiency and safety. Lastly, artificial intelligence should not replace human decision-making; it should make it more precise and easier. Artificial intelligence is still in need of development of law and ethical policies in order for it to collaborate with the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Adna Hrapović
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Adna Hrapović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 29
ending page: 35
doi: 10.37868/bes.v5i1.id317

In silico analysis of MAPKK5 variants in Brassica Oleracea
type: item
description: Brassica Oleracea is a well-known heavy metal accumulator and one of the most economically important crops. Besides its industrial usages, it could be utilized for phytoremediation of contaminated soil. In this study, we tried to analyze the four variants of MAPKK5 genes, mainly correlated to heavy metal stress, and to correlate their functions with other heavy metal proteins related to heavy metal absorption. This was done through a detailed in silico analysis, by using various bioinformatics tools like Clustal Omega, Phelogeny.fr, Phyre2, PyMOL, Loctree3, SMART, STRING, and Cluspro2. We found that MAPKK5 variants have high sequence similarity, resulting in their 3D structure similarity. The results indicate that MAPKK5 proteins interact with the same protein members and that all proteins are located in the cytoplasm. Eventually, when we concluded and confirmed that MAPKK5 proteins might be involved in the MAPK cascade process, regulating many cellular activities, demonstrating that mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are quickly activated when a plant is attacked by pathogens.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Majed Alwis
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Majed Alwis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-30
publication date: 2023-12-30
starting page: 46
ending page: 70
doi: 10.37868/bes.v4i2.id315

Predicting synergy of lysozyme with antibiotics – an in silico analysis of interaction of Amoxicillin and Cephalexin with hen-egg lysozyme
type: item
description: Lysozyme is the key enzyme of the innate immunity, more known because of the hydrolytic degradation of the peptoglycans. This is important for defense from bacteria and viruses, and also important for introducing this enzyme in drug discovery mechanisms. This in silico study aims to conduct deep research about the interaction of lysozyme with beta-lactams (amoxicillin and cephalexin) and to provide a basis for the hypothesis of synergistic antimicrobial effect. Molecular docking was done by a blind-docking protocol. Four complexes revealed significant results. Highest binding affinity was detected in the human lysozyme-cephalexin complex (-7.4 FEB). The binding of cephalexin was significantly stronger than that of amoxicillin. Comparative analysis of the sequences confirmed that subtle substitutions in contact spots LEU-PHE are the molecular basis for the higher affinity of human lysozyme binding. Strong binding of antibiotics to the catalytic gate of the enzyme reveals the possible transport complex formation, which can benefit the localization and better penetration of the antibiotics in bacterial cells.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Amar Silajdžić
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Amar Silajdžić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 35
ending page: 44
doi: 10.37868/bes.v5i2.id314

In silico analysis identifying overlapped genes between diabetes and breast cancer, targeting candidates via doxazosin mesylate, a comprehensive analysis
type: item
description: Breast cancer and diabetes share common molecular interactions, mainly through the activation of the breast cancer signaling pathway, namely PI3K/AKT/mTOR and insulin signaling. These common signaling associations can reveal a dysfunction in the metabolic order that can influence breast cancer growth and lead to becoming more aggressive and metastasis. In this in silico research, the potential of Doxazosin Mesylate to target crosstalk signaling diseases, namely breast cancer and diabetes. Doxazosin mesylate has a significant in-vitro analysis by exhibiting the cell viability of breast cancer cell line, a comprehensive in-silico analysis is performed to support the importance of targeting diabetes-related proteins using GNINA AI-based molecular docking tool. This study aims to identify whether the insulin signaling candidates need to be emphasized in the therapeutic target approach of breast cancer or not. The bioinformatic analysis revealed a strong binding affinity of IRS2 with Doxazosin Mesylate, suggesting a potential therapeutic target that can enhance the treatment outcomes by interfering with treatment resistance and responses. The studies’ findings illustrated that, meanwhile, Doxazosin Mesylate acts primarily on the oncogenes; they have other interactions with the insulin protein pathway. This supports that it should be taken as a biological consideration and a secondary target candidate for breast cancer.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Raneem Aldadah
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Raneem Aldadah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 26
ending page: 34
doi: 10.37868/bes.v5i2.id313

Senescence cells in aging - Approaches, Challenges and Opportunities
type: item
description: Cellular senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest that can be used as a therapeutic approach for many complex diseases. Based on a literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar, this review summarizes information about senescence cells in aging, its approaches, challenges, and opportunities. Recent research suggests that senescent cells could be used as a targeted therapy for many of the diseases discussed in this review. Despite the positive results, much more research in this field is required before such therapy can be implemented.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Haris Lokvančić
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Haris Lokvančić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 20
ending page: 25
doi: 10.37868/bes.v5i2.id312

Introduction to Drugs for Photodynamic Therapy of Malignant Tumors
type: item
description: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a safer alternative to surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy for cancer treatment. Photosensitizers (PS) accumulate selectively in tumor cells and, upon specific-wavelength light activation, generate singlet oxygen that oxidizes DNA, inducing apoptosis and activating the STING pathway for antitumor M1 macrophage polarization. Originating from Oskar Raab's 1900 discovery with eosin, PDT advanced in the 1970s via hematoporphyrin derivatives, despite issues like skin photosensitivity. Improved second-generation PS, such as chlorin e6 and pheophorbide a from chlorophyll, provide better absorbance at 664 nm for deeper tumors and efficacy against colorectal cancer, melanoma, and glioblastoma. Phthalocyanines and curcumin conjugates show further promise. Polymer delivery systems like PVP enhance bioavailability, prevent aggregation, boost light absorption, and target tumors selectively, reducing side effects. This review synthesizes PDT's mechanisms, evolution, and delivery innovations, underscoring its potential in oncology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Boris Kovalenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Boris Kovalenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 12
ending page: 19
doi: 10.37868/bes.v5i2.id311

Synthetic Biology: The design and construction of biological parts and systems for various applications, such as biotechnology, biofuels, and medical devices
type: item
description: Synthetic biology, as a multidisciplinary field, including biology, computer science, and engineering, has an aim to crate/modify current biology systems or other organisms such as enzymes, genetic circuits, and cells. In comparison to the conventional genetic modifications, synthetic biology differs and has the aim of developing functioning devices, systems, and organisms. What makes synthetic biology special is how scientists from very different areas of knowledge share their ideas and collaborate on how to expand their knowledge and innovations. Additionally, the application of synthetic biology is reflected in the usage of S. cerevisiae or Cyanobacteria with synthetic biology methods to produce biofuels. However, the fast expansion of this discipline gives rise to the benefits but also ethical concerns. Benefits of synthetic biology are numerous, though it can change many aspects of everybody’s life, while on the other hand, it poses a risk to the environment, limitation of the difference between life and non-life, or general alterations to genes. Throughout this report, diverse applications of synthetic biology are explained, including methods used in medicine, specifically in observation of human well-being, to the novel treatment of infectious diseases, diabetes, and the production of vaccines.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aiša Galijatović
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Aiša Galijatović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.37868/bes.v5i2.id310

Advancing medicine with biomaterials: Innovations in regenerative technologies and clinical applications
type: item
description: Biomaterials, both natural and synthetic, play a crucial role in medical applications by interacting with biological systems to treat or replace tissues. These materials must exhibit biocompatibility to avoid complications like immunological rejection and be degradable to ensure proper breakdown within the body after fulfilling their intended function. Common natural biomaterials include collagen, gelatin, and alginates, while synthetic materials such as polyurethane, fibronectin, and ceramics are also widely used. Over the past decade, there has been significant progress in the field of biomaterials, driven by advances in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. These materials are now frequently used in a variety of clinical applications, from tissue healing and molecular probes to nanoparticle biosensors and drug delivery systems. Despite the progress, understanding how biomaterials interact, integrate, and function in complex biological environments remains a significant challenge. The ability of biomaterials to restore and enhance biological functions, particularly in areas such as tissue engineering, orthopedic surgery, and neural implants, has demonstrated substantial improvements in patient outcomes and quality of life. Key to their success in these applications are their biocompatibility, long-term stability, and effective integration with host tissues. This paper explores the evolving role of biomaterials in medical practice, evaluating their potential, current use, and ongoing challenges in clinical settings, with a focus on their contributions to healthcare advancements and patient care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nadia Islam
creator: Selma Kozarić
creator: Ajla Tipura
creator: Muhamed Adilović
creator: Asmaa Al Bourghli
creator: Aiša Galijatović
creator: Maida Hajdarpašić
creator: Abas Sezer
creator: Altijana Hromić- Jahjefendić
creator: Vladimir N. Uversky
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vladimir N. Uversky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: 24
ending page: 50
doi: 10.37868/bes.v6i1.id283

Comparison of Sysmex DI-60 digital optical microscopy and manual optical microscopy in leukocyte differentiation
type: item
description: Manual microscopic differentiation of leukocytes is the primary tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases. Recently, digital optical microscopy has become a more common method, being an alternative to the conventional one, and therefore, there is a need to investigate its compatibility in more detail. The objective is to compare the results of digital and manual microscopy in the analysis of different leukocyte types and to assess the linearity, systemic and proportional differences between the methods. 109 samples were analyzed by manual and digital microscopy (Sysmex DI-60), and the comparison of the obtained results was performed by Passing-Bablok and Bland-Altman analysis. The linearity of the methods is satisfactory in all cells, except basophils and blasts. A statistically significant systemic difference was detected in segmented neutrophils, immature granulocytes, and lymphocytes, and correlations between the methods range from very strong to moderate, depending on the type of cells. Significant deviations were observed in leukocytosis and leukopenia. The results of the conducted analysis indicate a good correlation between digital and manual microscopy, but the identified systemic and proportional differences indicate the significance of the reclassification offered by the analyzer. In cases of severe leukopenia and leukocytosis, it is recommended to use manual microscopy as an additional check.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nermina Klapuh-Bukvić
creator: Zehra Kurtanović
creator: Damir Šeper
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nermina Klapuh-Bukvić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: 11
ending page: 23
doi: 10.37868/bes.v6i1.id280

Development of environment protection measures based on benthonic clay and sulfuric acid wastes
type: item
description: The oil and gas industry causes man-made changes in all soil components, as well as in water and plants. Crude oil and gas are processed at the same time as the product is produced, and gas condensate and millions of tons of waste are ignored. Recycling of oil and gas waste products is essential. Sulfur is widely used in agriculture as a fertilizer and part to fight various plant pests. Soon, not only will the issue of using sulfur dioxide waste as raw materials be solved, but also the problem of contamination of environmental bodies with biological pollutants will be avoided. The use of sulfur-based waste from the oil industry is very effective for antibacterial formulations based on ammonium salts and natural bentonite materials. The developed antibacterial drug can be used to disinfect various facilities. The production tests conducted show the necessity of using the proposed disinfectants to improve the environment. This paste, which includes the proposed bactericidal preparation and bentonite clay in its composition, can be used in veterinary medicine to treat necrobacteriosis in animals. Based on our results, Ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate obtained from sulfur-containing wastes can be used as fertilizers, and their mixture with bentonite clay can be used as an enhancer in agriculture.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Sunakbaeva Dilara K.
creator: Davlat Yuldashbek
creator: Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani
creator: Sahebe Hajipour
creator: Ammara Riaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.37868/bes.v6i1.id277

Genetic background of type 1 diabetes mellitus: A review
type: item
description: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the complete lack of insulin secretion due to the immune system’s destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Approximately 50% of the risk factors for T1DM are attributed to genetic susceptibility, with the remaining causes linked to epigenetic modifications and environmental factors. The major gene region involved in T1DM is the major histocompatibility (MHC) complex, which is the first region discovered, conferring 50% of the genetic risk, followed by the insulin (INS), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA4), protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL2RA) and interferon-induced with helicase C domain (IFIH1) genes. The remaining genetic susceptibility has been uncovered through genome-wide association (GWA) studies, which have identified 120 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with T1DM risk to date. Additionally, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) also play a role, affecting the expression of the genes involved in T1DM. Epigenetics bridges the gap between genetic predisposition and environmental factors, which act as a trigger for T1DM in susceptible individuals. In this paper, the major genes involved in the risk of T1DM are reviewed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Kanita Šabanović
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Kanita Šabanović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-30
publication date: 2023-12-30
starting page: 34
ending page: 45
doi: 10.37868/bes.v4i2.id271

In silico functional analysis of DNA repair proteins (OGG1, MYH) in Arabidopsis thaliana
type: item
description: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a hereditary material found in every living organism. However, every organism is exposed to endogenous and exogenous an agent which causes damage to DNA molecules. Even though genetic variation is important for evolution, every organism requires genetic stability for survival. Not only it is needed for DNA to replicate accurately but also several DNA repair mechanisms are used to fix the damage which occurred in DNA. A detailed structure analysis along with docking site and metabolic pathway prediction were used to confirm that these proteins are involved in DNA repair mechanisms. This study investigated OGG1 and MYH proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, and showed their interaction with predicted partners, focusing on their detailed interactome and 3D structure predictions. This study concluded that OGG1 and MYH are not only found in DNA repair mechanisms but also show strong functions in DNA replication and the development of plant and cell cycle.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Annissa Rachel Vanwieren
creator: Mohamed Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 ANNISSA RACHEL VANWIEREN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 15
ending page: 28
doi: 10.37868/bes.v5i1.id267

Application of AI in detection of breast cancer with laboratory results monitoring
type: item
description: Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among women worldwide, therefore an early and precise process of diagnostics plays an important role in improving the prognosis and outcome of treatment. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) allows faster and more precise analysis of medical imaging, which contributes to the early detection of tumors and lowers the number of false-negative results. This review article analyzed 60 scientific papers and using the most recent findings about this topic, searched for AI implementation in breast cancer research and how AI may improve overall survival outcomes for breast cancer patients.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Sabina Prevljak
creator: Amar Kustura
creator: Berina Hasanefendic
creator: Mirza Izmirlija
creator: Lajla Halilovic
creator: Rubina Alimanović-Alagić
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Sabina Prevljak, Amar Kustura, Berina Hasanefendic, Mirza Izmirlija, Lajla Halilovic, Rubina Alimanović-Alagić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-20
publication date: 2024-10-20
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.37868/bes.v5i1.id269

The influence of minerals on water filtration effectiveness
type: item
description: Water is necessary for every organism since almost every cell process would be jeopardized if the body lacked water. The issue is that drinkable water needs to be processed and filtered to be purified enough and should not contain any pathogens. In this study, the focus was on the filtration of minerals like active carbon, alunite, and pyrophyllite with a focus on their antibacterial properties. What this study has shown is that the usage of minerals with antibacterial properties could potentially aid people and avoid large consumption of antibiotics. The world-known active carbon as a drinkable water filter proved to be quite efficient in lowering the number of colonies on each plate. However, pyrophyllite and alunite also proved to be efficient when it comes to antibacterial properties. The study offers multiple possibilities for further research as well, like expanding the number of minerals or the number of samples and concentrations or expanding the study to the synergy of said minerals. Since both alunite and active carbon can be consumed orally and the chances of people having serious consequences if they are present in water are pretty small, there is yet to be proven if pyrophyllite poses a threat to the human body if ingested.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Delila Lekić
creator: Altijana Hromić- Jahjefendić
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Altijana Hromić- Jahjefendić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-30
publication date: 2024-07-30
starting page: 24
ending page: 33
doi: 10.37868/bes.v4i2.id266

Breast cancer research: in vitro models, markers, and in silico analysis - a narrative review
type: item
description: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide but can also affect men. Although the detection and diagnosis of BC is advanced, there is a demand for more efficient approaches to treatment. This review summarizes the most important and latest discoveries in the diagnosis and prevention of breast cancer, using scientific discoveries done in vitro cell models, molecular and genetic markers, and data from different in silico analysis studies. Using Google Scholar and PubMed, scientific articles were searched systematically from inception to November 2023. As search terms in this review, we used: breast cancer, in vitro cell lines in BC, genetic and biochemical markers, and miRNA in BC. Based on the literature search, biochemical and genetic markers play essential roles in breast cancer research, whereas in vitro and silico research utilizes breast cancer cell models. Cell models are indispensable tools for the identification of potential new drugs, offering valuable findings on breast cancer growth dynamics. Molecular markers and innovative research methods not only aid in early detection but also contribute to our understanding of BC at various stages, offering treatment strategies and improving outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Jasmin Šutković
creator: Haris Lokvančić
creator: Abas Sezer
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Jasmin Šutković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-30
publication date: 2024-07-30
starting page: 14
ending page: 23
doi: 10.37868/bes.v4i2.id260

Impact of COVID-19 on the development of detection methods: a narrative review.
type: item
description: COVID-19 is without a doubt the most extensively researched infectious disease in history, with over 130,000 PubMed and NCBI citations between January 2020 and September 2023. This compares to around 8,000 citations for influenza and 10,000 citations for tuberculosis during the same period. The value of molecular diagnostics in COVID-19 assessment in terms of lowering morbidity and death is widely acknowledged. This review assesses the impact of COVID-19 on the development of detection methods and emphasizes the specificity and sensitivity of PCR testing.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Husein Djedović
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Husein Djedović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-06-10
publication date: 2023-06-10
starting page: 35
ending page: 39
doi: 10.37868/bes.v4i1.id257

Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR] methods
type: item
description: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) stands as a prevalent method employed for the real-time detection of genes, as well as for the replication and amplification of DNA. The selection of a specific PCR method hinges on various factors, including sensitivity, processing time, cost, and other factors. The review discusses the similarities and differences among different types of PCR, focusing on real-time PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR, multiplex PCR, nested PCR and other PCR methods.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Amina Karić
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Amina Karić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-06-10
publication date: 2023-06-10
starting page: 28
ending page: 34

Brain Tumor Detection and Classification Using VGG16 Deep Learning Algorithm and Python Imaging Library
type: item
description: Early diagnosis and treatment of brain cancer depend on the detection and categorization of brain tumors. Deep learning algorithms have produced amazing results in medical imaging applications including tumor identification. Most of this field's research has concentrated on applying CNN algorithms like VGG16, DNN, and ANN to this problem. This work describes the identification and classification of brain tumors using the Python Imaging Library (PIL) and the VGG16 deep learning algorithm. A dataset of 7000 MRI pictures categorized by tumor type served as the foundation for the research. The main objective of this study was to develop a high-efficiency, high-accuracy model. We suggested utilizing the VGG16 architecture and preprocessing images with PIL to ensure consistent images for training on a sizable dataset of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. A novel technique we have used in our work is one that can analyze a single image and predict the presence of a tumor from the results. The research's methods produced robust tumor detection across the dataset with 96, 9% accuracy, indicating the value of the method in helping medical professionals make informed decisions when diagnosing the presence of tumors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Sulejman Karamehić
creator: Samed Jukić
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Sulejman Karamehić, Samed Jukić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-30
publication date: 2024-07-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.37868/bes.v4i2.id252

Precision nutrition impact on cancer development and prevention
type: item
description: The main nutritional influences on human DNA and its tenderness towards cancer development and prevention are reviewed in this paper. Nutrigenomics research has established dietary patterns that can alter gene expression, influence metabolic pathways, and change health outcomes. Considering the fact that numerous dietary elements can either encourage or slow down carcinogenesis, nutrition has a remarkable influence on cancer development and progress. Precision nutrition is an ascending subject that recognizes the distinctiveness of genomics and environmental conditions and looks for customized nutritional therapies. The complex interplay between the human genome and nutrition, just like consequences and its effects on cancer progression and prevention are presented in this paper. These discoveries have important consequences for the health of the public and cancer patients.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Anida Beganović
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Anida Beganović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-06-10
publication date: 2023-06-10
starting page: 16
ending page: 27