ISSN 2744-1741 The journal's scope encompasses relevant defense and security topics from all five domains, including air, land, sea, space, and cyberspace, from an economic, political, legal, social, natural, environmental, engineering, and technological standpoint. Modeling, simulation, methodology, management, and theory are all part of an engineering and technological perspective. All layers of cyberspace are welcome, including geographic components, physical network components, logical network components, cyber persona components, and persona components. Homeland Security topics from all areas are welcome. For more information on the scope, please visit the following link>>
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OSINT-based analysis of weapon components, optical systems, ammunition, and ballistic performance of the German 8.8 cm FlaK family
This paper presents a technical and OSINT-based analysis of the German 8.8 cm FlaK (Flugzeugabwehrkanone) family of weapons, integrating engineering examination of all major weapon subsystems with a methodological demonstration of open-source intelligence techniques for historical weapons research. The study covers the complete weapon architecture - including the barrel and liner system, breech mechanism, recoil and recuperator assemblies, cruciform mount, and the layered optical fire-control hierarchy - as well as the ammunition family for the FlaK system. Analytical sections address terminal ballistics of both high-explosive (HE) and armor-piercing (AP) ammunition. A five-stage OSINT research workflow (scoping, discovery, verification, preservation, and synthesis) structures the entire investigation. All technical claims are traced to primary sources, principally TM E9-369A (1943), TM 9-1985-3 (1953), OP 1666 (1946), and BRL Report No. 517 (1944), supplemented by official museum records, Nuremberg trial transcripts, corporate histories, and Bundesarchiv archival holdings. The study concludes that the FlaK’s operational supremacy was a systems-engineering achievement, and that disciplined OSINT methodology, when combined with quantitative ballistic analysis, substantially strengthens technical-historical weapons research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alan Catovic, Rijad Osmanovic, Faruk Sukurica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Quantum Communication with Machine Learning: a review
Quantum communication and machine learning convergence is one of the promising directions in the development of communication systems that could be secure, efficient, and scalable. The modern communication networks employ quantum communication technologies, such as quantum key distribution (QKD), entangement, and teleportation, that can ensure high security and allow the transmission of reliable data. Combined with machine learning, these technologies can be used to process data better, provide better security, and perform better in many applications, including the Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent communication networks, health care, and artificial intelligence. This paper will provide a review of the key principles of quantum communication and the application of machine learning in communication systems, and how the two concepts can be applied to advantage. Besides that, the paper discusses critical technical problems, such as scalability, system integration, and the unavailability of standardization, that constrain the present application of hybrid quantum-classical systems. In addition, the future research directions are mentioned, specifically quantum-enhanced federated learning and the construction of a quantum internet. In general, this paper offers an analytical and systematic review of the field, highlighting the existing challenges, as well as the opportunities that may be explored in the future to establish next-generation intelligent communication systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Hussein, Ammar Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cyber-electronic warfare threats to UAS: comparative analysis and adaptive resilience framework
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are increasingly deployed in defense, security, and critical infrastructure missions where reliable communications and navigation are essential for operational effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the convergence of cyber threats and electronic warfare against UAS and to develop a comparative security framework for improving communication resilience in defense-relevant operating environments. The study makes three explicit contributions: it constructs a structured threat taxonomy aligned with the cyber-electromagnetic threat space; it introduces an operationalized comparative assessment procedure using a five-criterion weighted scoring matrix; and it proposes a formalized state-based resilience framework with explicit indicator-driven transition thresholds. The research applies a theoretical-analytical and comparative method based on a synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, with primary applicability to small-to-medium tactical UAS relying on MAVLink-based communication in resource-constrained embedded environments. Key threats are categorized and examined, including man-in-the-middle attacks, command and code injection, denial-of-service operations, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) spoofing, and radio-frequency (RF) jamming. Security postures are compared across five criteria using an explicit five-point scoring scale and criterion weights. The weighted composite scores indicate that adaptive and risk-informed approaches (3.65/5.00) show structurally stronger analytic alignment with hybrid threat conditions than layered defense models (2.90/5.00) or static architectures (2.20/5.00) within the defined framework. The major conclusion is that UAS communication security benefits from resilience-driven and adaptive design principles supported by structured comparative assessment and formalized state-transition logic, providing a practical basis for future implementation planning and policy development in contested electromagnetic and cyber environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandar Donev, Dimitar Bogatinov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A robust feature engineering approach for Arabic extremist content detection in social media
In this paper, we propose an end-to-end machine learning system to analyze sentiment polarity in extremist (terrorism-related) Arabic content with novel designed features concentrating on linguistic discourse, properties and changes of such contents. We constructed three corpora (V1, V2 and V3) from Arabic tweets; which have been pre-processed by using various linguistic techniques: Normal stemmer, root pattern, Light Stemming. We have employed various machines' learning algorithms such as SVMs, NB and KNN with BOW and ngr am models to retrieve features. Our large scale comparative analysis based on a real-dataset benchmark chose linear SVM and Uni-gram model in conjunction with Term Frequency-inverse document Frequency (TF-IDF) as the preferable choice. Our approach achieved better accuracy for extremist sentiment detection and greater Recall in V1 (81.097%) and V2 (81.707%) compared to this setup. These ones were superior to other combination of SVM kernels along with the KNN algorithm that also was very competitive. Our findings outperformed the already established approach (Kanan & Fox) for classifying extremist Arabic texts (our BEA as an average achieved accuracy rate higher than their 78.00% but using P-Stemmer and SVM). The precision-recall and ROC AUC values for SVM settings also reinforced the performance, and high scores reflected its ability to handle complex features of Arabic like syllabic lengthening and diacritics. The present study demonstrates the potential applicability of this approach to enhanced supporting extremism detection analysis in Arabic textual data, and may offer a clearer perspective for those concerned on security, education and policy making domains.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Salman Ibraheem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Network-driven hybrid control for smart grids communications with renewable energy integration
This article presents a comprehensive simulation framework for performance analysis of hybrid monitoring and control systems in power grids. The model integrates the dynamics of the power grid and the communication network to deal with how these two interact and the effects that arise due to the interactions between them. The framework is demonstrated on a 15-node MATLAB-based simulation of generation stations, substations, industrial and residential loads, and renewable energy sources, with a real-world topology. The simulation incorporates profiles of daily loads, renewable generation profiles, and various forms of system disturbances, and a distributed control system that considers the delay of communication and the loss of packets. Verify the framework with simulations of voltage drops, load surges, generation losses, and cyber-attacks, and examine their impact on system performance based on the Voltage Quality Index, Frequency Quality Index, and Communication Reliability Index. Findings show that communication performance contributes greatly to control performance, particularly when there is a cyber event characterized by high voltage-quality degradation. The suggested framework will offer a guide that a smart grid planner will use to determine resilience and develop the respective strategies, optimize communication infrastructure, and continue to introduce renewable energy into future power systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zeyid T. Ibraheem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Thermal protection strategies for hypersonic space vehicles: aerothermodynamics, TPS configurations, and performance effects
The Thermal Protection System (TPS) is one of the essential parts for visualizing the aerothermodynamic effect for a hypersonic moving body, i.e., M > 5. This detailed review paper deals with discussing the importance of aerothermodynamic effects, presents an overview of TPS, and highlights the key points on the influence of aerodynamic performance. The incorporation of TPS materials alters surface roughness, vehicle contour, mass distribution, and structural stiffness, thereby affecting drag, lift-to-drag ratio, boundary layer transition, and overall flight efficiency. The review aims to provide a cohesive understanding of the interdependence between aerothermodynamics, TPS material behavior, and aerodynamic performance, thereby supporting advanced design strategies for next-generation hypersonic space transportation systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Sakshi Rajput, Ms. Charu Soni, Mr. Paarthepan K, Mr. Siddhardha Reddy Chirapureddy, Mr. Ankit Kumar Mishra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Optical Telescope Element (OTE) used in James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
This paper presents an analysis of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Optical Telescope Element (OTE) based on its published optical prescription and system architecture. Using modeling, key optical performance parameters were evaluated, including spot diagrams, footprint diagrams, wavefront error (WFE), point spread function (PSF), Strehl ratio, encircled energy (EE), and modulation transfer function (MTF). The segmented 6.6 m primary mirror was modeled using a User-Defined Aperture (UDA) approach to accurately reproduce the hexagonal pupil geometry and diffraction effects. Results confirm diffraction-limited performance across the evaluated field, with RMS wavefront error well below the Maréchal criterion, high Strehl ratios (≥0.87 off-axis and ≥0.97 on-axis at 1 µm), and encircled energy closely matching the diffraction limit. MTF curves demonstrate strong contrast transfer up to the cutoff spatial frequency with minimal field-dependent degradation. Additional analyses were performed to assess the impact of individual segment piston and tilt misalignments. Controlled perturbations show that segment-level phase discontinuities significantly degrade WFE, emphasizing the importance of precise segment phasing and wavefront sensing and control (WFS&C).
Copyright (c) 2026 Alan Catovic, Dzan Jasarevic https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The wargaming signalling paradox: when military publication precedes political miscalculation
This article examines how publishing wargaming results or military planning timelines creates institutional commitment traps leading to strategic miscalculation. Analysing Russia's 2013 Gerasimov article and China's October 2025 15th Five-Year Plan, we identify three paradoxes: publication signals confidence while reflecting overconfidence; aims to deter but constrains flexibility; and demonstrates rigour while omitting critical behavioural factors. China's 2027 PLA centenary deadline is particularly concerning, as Xi Jinping's legitimacy becomes tied to published timelines despite acknowledged wargaming limitations - the same blind spots that contributed to Russia's Ukraine disaster. Contemporary Chinese simulation research exhibits identical problems while claiming 90% success probability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Branko Ruzic https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Threat assessment model in air defense systems using Artificial Neural Networks
This study aims to automate threat assessment and target assignment processes in air defense systems using a dynamic, learning artificial intelligence-based model. Unlike threat assessment studies in the literature that use different criteria and methods, this study integrates missing data completion, multi-criteria analysis, and artificial neural networks to dynamically update the threat score. Furthermore, unlike studies in the literature, the number of criteria used has been increased to enable the model to provide a broader perspective. Most studies are static and use a small number of criteria; this study presents a dynamic, multi-criteria model that can handle incomplete data. The developed Geometric Threat Score proposes an average perspective for threat assessment, which varies depending on individuals and geographical conditions. The model generates threat scores using criterion data obtained from radars and sensors and can respond adaptively to changing conditions. The results achieved demonstrated high performance with mean square errors (MSE) of 0.0005–0.0072 and a correlation coefficient (R) above 95%. This approach accelerates decision support processes in air defense systems, reducing human influence and increasing system effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salih Tasdemir, Murat Atan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and analysis of a wideband split-ring integrated hybrid fractal-shaped patch antenna for WiFi, WiMAX, WLAN/5G midband applications
A split-ring integrated hybrid fractal antenna has been designed with improved bandwidth from 3 GHz to 9.56 GHz and is presented for WiFi/WiMAX/WLAN/5G midband applications. The proposed antenna is planned to deliver an extended bandwidth and is consists of split-ring resonators integrated with a fractal-shaped patch. The Fractal Shape in the antenna provides a compact size due to its self-similarity, space-filling property, and additional split-ring resonators to improve the bandwidth. The antenna, compact in size with dimensions of 31×37mm2 and a thickness of 1.8mm, is constructed upon an FR4 epoxy substrate showing a dielectric constant of 4.4. The proposed antenna performance is presented with the help of reflection coefficient and VSWR plots, gain, field distribution, and radiation pattern. The comparison of simulated and measured analysis and results showed good agreement, indicating that the design antenna is suitable for WiFi, WiMAX, WLAN, and 5G applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rani Rudrama Kodali, Md. Shoaib, P. Anjali, T. Divya Sri Sivatmika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence reshaping United States of America’s National Defense strategy
Artificial Intelligence is an emerging, transforming, and revolutionizing technology of the 21st century. It has wide-ranging applications from education and healthcare to defense and security. It is rapidly transforming the modern defense system, making it faster, smarter, and more efficient. The ethics regarding the use of AI are in turmoil, but global powers would not wait for them to become established principles, as they find it imperative to maximize their power and capability in every sector, especially defense, where, from automated drones to real-time threat situations, AI is redefining warfare, national security, and defense strategies. National Defense strategy 2022 of the United States is one such strategy that entails within it the concept of integrated deterrence to use all means at disposal with the cooperation of allies and create a defense infrastructure with advanced and effective Artificial Intelligence. Followed by Data analytics and adoptive strategy 2023 that outlines the ways in which Artificial intelligence will be incorporated to answer the operational needs and prepare United States of America for the Future Advanced Warfare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shakh e nabat Randhawa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Detection of extrasolar planet WASP-10b by differential photometry using amateur optics
This study presents the detection and characterization of the exoplanet WASP-10b using differential photometry performed with amateur astronomical equipment. An overview of exoplanet properties, detection techniques, and the transit method is provided, followed by a description of the observational setup, recording procedures, calibration, and data processing workflow. More than one hundred CCD images were acquired using an 8-inch Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope and a monochrome Atik 383L+ camera, with additional calibration frames to correct instrumental noise and vignetting. Differential photometry was carried out using AstroImageJ, enabling precise extraction of the stellar flux of WASP-10 relative to nearby reference stars. The transit light curve was modeled using the Mandel & Agol analytic formalism, from which key planetary parameters were estimated. Results yield a planetary radius of approximately 1.12 RJ and an orbital inclination of 89°, both in good agreement with published values. The study demonstrates that high-precision exoplanet transit measurements are achievable with advanced amateur-level equipment, offering valuable scientific and educational contributions to exoplanetary research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alan Catovic, Dzan Jasarevic https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vulnerability analysis of critical infrastructures with the Event Tree Technique
The vulnerability analysis of a critical infrastructure is certainly a complex and articulated study; therefore, it requires the use of reliable decision support tools. In this article, after a brief review of the state of the art on risk analysis studies for critical infrastructures, a vulnerability analysis will be performed on a railway infrastructure under the hypothesis of an intentional attack by a criminal group. Specifically, the aim of this paper is to show how the application of the event tree technique - derived from the more well-known fault tree analysis - can allow to define the different scenarios. For each one, a probabilistic assessment will be carried out through numerical simulations with the Monte Carlo method in order to calculate the security level of this infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Francesco Trinchillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Next-Generation Black Box with IOT and Real Time Monitoring
The traditional black box, or Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR), has been instrumental in post-crash investigations. Its limitations, such as data loss, difficulty in retrieval from remote or underwater crash sites, and the inability to provide real-time insights, prompted the need for technological advancements. This paper aims to explore the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Satellite Communication, GPS, and advanced telemetry systems to revolutionize black box functionality and enhance aviation safety. Next-generation black boxes can leverage real-time encrypted data transmission through satellite connectivity, ensuring immediate access to crucial flight parameters, even before an accident occurs. The incorporation of GPS enables precise aircraft tracking, while telemetry techniques allow monitoring of critical flight parameters, engine health, and environmental conditions. Additionally, the use of underwater acoustic beacons and buoyant ejection modules can expedite black box recovery in case of oceanic crashes, reducing search and rescue operation time. AI-driven predictive analytics further strengthen aircraft monitoring by detecting anomalies and potential system failures, enabling preemptive measures to prevent disasters. The integration of IoT allows seamless connectivity between onboard sensors and ground control stations, ensuring that aviation authorities receive real-time alerts regarding abnormal flight behavior or malfunctions. Moreover, cloud-based data storage ensures redundancy, eliminating the risks of data loss due to hardware damage. By implementing IoT-enabled black boxes, the aviation industry can significantly reduce the risk of flight disappearance, improve accident investigations, and enhance proactive safety measures. The ability to access real-time flight data enhances situational awareness, minimizes investigation delays, and facilitates faster decision-making during in-flight emergencies. This technological evolution in flight data recording and transmission marks a significant step toward a safer, more efficient, and more transparent aviation ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sachin Srivastava, Arpita Adideo, Vansh Kumar, Aditya Rana, Abhay Dhasmana, Shivansh Aggarwal, Amit Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancing sustainable development goals in aerospace industry through Industry 5.0
The aerospace manufacturing industry is facing increasing pressure to align with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, such as responsible production, climate action, and industry innovation. Industry 4.0 notwithstanding, most of these technologies are concerned with efficiency and automation while paying little heed to human-centric, sustainable goals that can be achieved in line with the SDGs. This would present a possibility to bridge this gap with Industry 5.0, which is on the way to collaborating with human-machine interaction and sustainability practices. This paper discusses the possibility of how this new paradigm, focused on collaborative work between advanced automation and human-centric, sustainable production, can help aerospace manufacturers achieve those key Sustainable Development Goals. Industry 5.0 will provide an opportunity for a symbiotic partnership between humans and machines with avenues that open opportunities to reduce environmental impacts, optimize the use of resources, and enhance innovation in aerospace manufacturing processes. The research illustrates the implementation strategy of Industry 5.0, smart factory, robotics, digital twin, and artificial intelligence towards the achievement of SDG 8, SDG 9, SDG 12, and SDG 13.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sachin Srivastava, Abhay Dhasmana, Aditya Rana, Ankitha Satheesh, K Lipidharan, Vineet Rawat, Shivam Yadav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ballistics, the science of projectile motion, encompasses the study of objects such as bullets, missiles, and rockets from launch to impact, divided into internal, external, terminal, and forensic ballistics. This paper explores recent advancements in ballistic materials, methods, and sustainability challenges. Traditional and self-healing materials, including microcapsule-based, bio-inspired, and metallic self-repairing systems, are examined for their applications in armor, projectiles, and thermal protection. Experimental techniques like light gas guns and high-speed photography, alongside numerical simulations such as finite element analysis (FEA) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), are compared for their efficacy in ballistic research. High-velocity projectiles exceeding Mach 5, including hypersonic and kinetic energy penetrators, are analyzed for their aerodynamic and material challenges, with future directions pointing toward AI-guided systems and 3D-printed materials. The study also highlights green ammunition innovations, such as lead-free bullets and biodegradable cartridges, to address environmental concerns like toxic propellants and heavy metal contamination. Sustainability efforts focus on resource efficiency, including recycled composites and additive manufacturing, while military and civilian applications explore hypersonic swarms and non-lethal munitions. The paper concludes with future perspectives, emphasizing digital twins in forensics, space ballistics, and closed-loop ammunition recycling. By integrating experimental and computational approaches, this research aims to advance ballistic technologies while addressing ecological and ethical challenges in the field.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fehim Findik, Erdal Camci https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review of design parameters and optical characteristics of main types of amateur telescopes
This review examines the design principles and image quality performance of the three primary types of amateur astronomical telescopes: refractors, reflectors, and catadioptrics. The study begins with a thorough overview of existing literature, referencing over 150 sources to provide a theoretical introduction for the analysis. Each telescope type is evaluated in terms of its optical construction, aberration control, portability, maintenance, and suitability for both visual observation and astrophotography. Key differences and trade-offs in performance, usability, and cost are discussed. Special attention is given to how each design handles chromatic and spherical aberrations, field curvature, and diffraction effects -factors critical to image sharpness and contrast. The paper concludes with practical recommendations tailored to various user needs, such as planetary observation, deep-sky imaging, or beginner-level stargazing. By synthesizing theoretical insights with practical considerations, this review aims to guide amateur astronomers, educators, and enthusiasts in selecting the most appropriate telescope type for their specific interests and observing goals.
Start-ups in camouflage: the convergence of MSMEs, innovation, and Indian defense needs
The integration of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), particularly start-ups, into India's defense sector is emerging as a transformative force in modernizing the country's military capabilities. As India pivots towards self-reliance through initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat and the Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO), start-ups are becoming critical innovation drivers in defense manufacturing, supply chains, and technological advancement. This paper investigates the current and potential convergence of start-ups and MSMEs with Indian defense needs, analyzing policy frameworks, innovation hubs, funding ecosystems, and dual-use technologies. A mixed-methods approach comprising policy analysis, case studies (e.g., Tonbo Imaging, IdeaForge), and primary interviews with defense ecosystem stakeholders is employed. The findings suggest a positive correlation between MSME innovation intensity and their integration into strategic defense functions. However, structural bottlenecks such as procurement delays, intellectual property risks, and lack of sustained funding restrict their scaling. The study proposes a techno-policy roadmap to deepen civil-military-industrial integration through innovation clusters, regulatory sandboxing, and joint development programs. The outcomes offer a blueprint for leveraging entrepreneurial vigor to meet national security imperatives while fostering indigenous defense technology capabilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rohit Mohite, Ravi Chaurasiya, Sandeep Sharma, Sandesh Akre https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The evolution of warfare from conventional to a digital battlefield: an analysis of cyber technology and artificial intelligence in the Lebanese-Israel conflicts
This study will evaluate the transition from conventional combat methods to a technology-driven battlefield. In particular, the Lebanon-Israel conflict serves a crucial case study to analyze how digital tools and AI reshape battlefield strategies, operational efficiency, and psychological warfare, triggering a broader evolution in modern military doctrine. This study will tackle a longitudinal comparison of digital strategy evolution in a single dyadic conflict zone. It adds to fields of security studies, cyberwarfare strategy, and AI-driven conflict analysis by analyzing how asymmetric technological adoption constructs long-term power dynamics. Through a theoretical lens of realism and a complementary military geopolitical framework, this research will analyze the impact of cyber warfare, AI-driven decision-making, intelligence, and precision missile systems on military strategies, political decision-making, and regional security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sereina Khalifeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inventory woes and logistic bottlenecks: operational challenges in the SCM of the Indian defense sector
Supply Chain Management (SCM) in the Indian defense sector represents a strategic function that supports operational readiness and national preparedness. This study undertakes a qualitative analysis based solely on secondary data sources to examine key dimensions of defense logistics operations. The research draws from government audit reports, policy documents, defense procurement reviews, and institutional publications to synthesize insights into current SCM practices. The analysis identifies several areas of interest, including inventory visibility, supply alignment, infrastructure utilization, and inter-agency coordination. Observations indicate that existing logistical frameworks, shaped by well-established protocols and multi-tiered structures, are undergoing transformation with increased emphasis on integration, automation, and data-driven decision-making. The study also reflects on the evolving role of digital technologies and policy reforms in enabling more responsive and cohesive supply chain mechanisms. Recommendations emerging from the review include the implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, application of predictive analytics for supply planning, and the formation of integrated logistics command structures. Additionally, the importance of organizational adaptation and capacity-building is emphasized to ensure readiness for future operational demands. The findings suggest that continuous improvement in defense SCM can be facilitated through structural realignments, informed policy direction, and the strategic adoption of modern technological solutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sandeep Sharma, Ravi Chaurasiya, Rohit Mohite, Sandesh Akre https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Estimation of internal ballistic parameters for the 107 mm rocket motor conceptual design
The demand for solid propellant rocket motors does not seem to fade, regardless of constant improvements in rocket technology. To make modifications that will result in improved design, it is crucial to use already existing motor models. Setting internal ballistic requirements and conducting calculations by following the design sequence, results in defining pressure- and thrust-time curves that are needed for rocket motor performance evaluation and providing a base for further external ballistic analysis. Calculation results are obtained by using the program SPPMEF, which is divided into modules for different parts of internal ballistic analysis using equations and shortens the time needed for theoretical integrations. NGR-176 is a type of double-base solid rocket propellant selected for the conceptual design of 107 mm rocket motor. The selected propellant configuration is a star with adapted and optimized geometric variables and new structural materials have been assigned to the newly-sized nozzle and motor case through examining various parameters.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ilma Subotic https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review of Wireless Sensor Network security
This review explores the security challenges and solutions associated with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It provides a comprehensive analysis of common security threats, including various types of attacks and their potential impacts on WSNs. The paper discusses critical security requirements such as data integrity, authentication, and secure communication, and examines defensive measures to mitigate these threats. Additionally, the review addresses trust management within WSNs, highlighting the importance of establishing reliable and secure networks. Emerging trends such as the integration of artificial intelligence, blockchain technology, quantum cryptography, edge computing, and secure multi-party computation are also discussed, showcasing the latest advancements aimed at enhancing WSN security. The findings underscore the necessity for ongoing research and development to improve the security and efficiency of WSNs, ensuring their viability for diverse applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jusuf Elfarahati, Tarik Pašić, Emir Kurtanović, Admir Ferhatović, Ermin Šabotić, Ali Abd Almisreb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on design and implementation of innovative UGV modular platform in mine action programs
This research paper focuses on the development of an innovative system applying the UGV (Unmanned Ground Vehicle) modular platform in the fields of humanitarian demining, where the scientific research process demonstrates the multifunctional application of such systems, or similar ones, in civil protection sectors. The use of the UGV platform enables more efficient mission completion in scenarios where human lives are directly at risk, such as demining operations. The UGV platform, with its modular design and development approach, represents a modern method for the advancement of such systems, offering multi-operation and multifunctional applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dženan Ćosić, Alan Ćatović, Muamer Delić, Jasna Mujkić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Security considerations for smartphone devices
In the paper, the ways in which smartphone devices are designed to be secure are investigated. Different approaches were examined for Windows, Android, and alike, as well as diving into the three security layers or areas of security. The first layer investigated was a “physical” device protection which involves the protection of the device and the data on it in case the device was stolen by not allowing anyone to gain access to the device, and locking its content. The second protection of the data examined was not allowing applications on the device access to corporate and personal data. The last layer of the protection investigated was in-app information being leaked and otherwise used. Security objectives and mechanisms were also visited in the paper. A literature review on the subject is provided.
Copyright (c) 2025 Almina Mušinbegović, Harun Alijagic, Amer Hrnjic, Ali Abd Almisreb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on the problem of landmines and explosive remnants of war worldwide and methods of demining
The study addresses the global issue of landmines, with a particular focus on the challenges in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research is grounded in precise data and facts from institutions and accredited demining organizations. The study further concentrates on innovative and highly effective detection methods, specifically for areas with challenging topography like Bosnia and Herzegovina, concluding with an innovative application of GPR and LiDAR radar technologies. Additionally, it explores the most effective method for mine removal, and mechanical demining, providing a detailed overview of the operation and characteristics associated with this approach. Conclusively, the study proposes the most efficient solution: a combined system of flails and tillers that alternately complement each other to achieve complete mine clearance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dženan Ćosić, Alan Ćatović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formation of the TNI cyber force: A strategic and policy analysis
The increasing cyber threats in Indonesia require strengthening the country's defense strategy. This study focuses on the formation of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) Cyber Force as part of efforts to strengthen the country's cyber security in facing increasingly complex threats. The purpose of this study is to analyze the policy and strategy for the formation of the TNI Cyber Force and evaluate the synergy between institutions, especially with the National Cyber ​​and Crypto Agency (BSSN). This study uses a qualitative method with a secondary data analysis approach, including reports from Fortinet, AwanPintar.id, and national policy documents related to cybersecurity. The research findings show that the TNI Cyber Force has a crucial role in protecting Indonesia's critical infrastructure from the threat of botnets, ransomware, and other cyber-attacks. The synergy between the TNI and BSSN is key to building an effective cyber defense system. Although there has been an increase in cyber readiness, this study found that challenges still exist, including in terms of human resources and the technology used. In conclusion, the formation of the TNI Cyber Force is an important step in dealing with cyber threats, but there needs to be further strengthening in cross-sector coordination and adoption of the latest technology.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aris Sarjito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The influence of projectile impact velocity and target characteristics on the terminal ballistics parameters of small-caliber projectile
The study examines the results of numerical simulations of the penetration of a 7,62mm x 63, AP, M2 projectile through a target. Model validation involved a numerical simulation of 7,62mm x 63, AP, M2 projectile penetration through an AA5083H116 target, for which experimental results were available in the literature. The results of the numerical simulation were used for regression analysis - to calibrate the Recht-Ipson model for the given projectile. Furthermore, penetration analyses of 7,62mm x 63, AP, M2 projectiles through various target materials were performed at consistent projectile velocities and mesh sizes. As expected, bainitic steels exhibited the highest resilience, demonstrating that increased material hardness and tensile strength correlate with enhanced projectile penetration resistance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Faris Memic, Alan Catovic https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The changing contours of insecurity in Katsina: A threat assessment
Threats from armed bandits and kidnappers in Northwestern Nigeria are in different forms. The landscape of security challenges has changed since 2016, with the intensive war against Islamic insurgents in Northeastern Nigeria called Boko Haram has changed the contours of security challenges in Nigeria. The manifestation of different security threats has been on the increase and the armed bandits have continued to wreak havoc on communities and highways in different parts of Nigeria. The security challenge is now a hydra-headed monster, which if one head is cut, another head will develop in Nigeria. This article has assessed the current security situation and challenges that beleaguered some States in the Northwest geopolitical zone of Nigeria with a particular interest in Katsina State. The researcher evaluated secondary data on the performance of security personnel deployed to the conflict-affected areas in Katsina, State. The assessment covered January to June 2024. However, the data are classified information hence the identity of the personnel and persons who divulged the information cannot be revealed in line with the principles of anonymity in research ethics. The findings found that some of the armed groups in parts of Katsina State are kidnapping people to remove some vital organs from their bodies and sell them to those who traffic human organs. Based on the assessment, the affected Local Government Areas in Katsina State are categorized into four (4) based on the severity and magnitude of kidnapping, cattle rustling and ransacking of villages. Drawing from the findings, the researcher has developed policies and strategies to address the changing contours of security challenges in the affected areas and Nigeria. As a tradition in threat assessment, the researcher has provided policy recommendations to achieve or implement the policies and strategies. The activities of the armed bandits and organ traffickers portend a grave danger now and in the future as many people would be involved in the business of human organs due to their lucrative nature. The government should develop strategies that will enable the rural communities not to be vulnerable to attacks from armed bandits. Armed groups who kill and kidnap residents at will for ransom and organ trafficking if not tamed will recruit new foot soldiers hence aggravating the situation. Addressing security threats can be achieved by deploying enough security personnel at the border between the Niger Republic and Nigeria. Security personnel should deploy electronic scanners and long-range cameras to monitor and arrest the influx of foreign and domestic dealers in human organs and weapons for appropriate punishment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Abdullahi Maigari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Theoretical study on the sabot separation process of a sub-caliber projectile fired from rifled guns
Sub-caliber projectiles have been widely used in modern warfare due to their ability to enhance accuracy and ballistic performance. For such projectiles, however, an effective separation of the penetrator from the sabot upon exiting the barrel is extremely important for achieving the desired accuracy and terminal ballistics. In this paper, we present a theoretical model for studying the aspects of the penetrator-sabot separation process for a sub-caliber projectile fired from 7.62mm pistols. The method used in this paper is a combination of analytical and numerical approaches. Firstly, an equation system was analytically established to describe the motion of the sabot and the penetrator in absolute coordinates. Then, the Computational fluid dynamics simulation approach was applied to determine the aerodynamic forces acting on the sabot and the penetrator. Finally, the equation system was solved using Newton’s method to calculate the position of the sabot and the penetrator during the separation process. Based on the proposed model, the effect of some parameters on the separation process was investigated. The investigation results have shown that the initial friction force between the sabot and the penetrator significantly influences the separation process. The findings in this study provide valuable contributions to the design and optimization of sub-caliber projectile-weapon systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 tuan nguyen, Nguyen Quang Tuan, Nguyen Hai Minh, Doan Van Dung https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Insider threat mitigation through human intelligence and counterintelligence: A case study in the shipping industry
This paper comprehensively examines the multifaceted motivations behind insider threats within organizations, elucidating driving forces such as financial gain, revenge, personal aspirations, ideological beliefs, coercion, and negligence. Understanding this spectrum is fundamental for crafting effective Counterintelligence strategies. The study delves into behavioral indicators crucial for identifying potential threats, emphasizing the significance of recognizing warning signs like unusual data access, unsanctioned software usage, escalated privilege requests, poor performance, disagreement with policies, and more. Furthermore, the role of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) in Counterintelligence (CI) and insider threat detection is explored, highlighting its qualitative contribution to understanding human behavior. Plus, through a hypothetical case study in the Shipping industry, the paper illustrates the direct application of HUMINT principles in fortifying security against insider threats, considering the unique challenges of this dynamic sector. The case study strategically employs employee interviews, psychological assessments, social network analysis, and trust-building initiatives to proactively identify and mitigate potential threats, in an industry reliant on seamless global supply chain operations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Anastasios-Nikolaos Kanellopoulos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0